Glasfibre snö pinnar
Glass wool , which is one product called "fiberglass" today, was invented some time between and by Games Slayter of Owens-Illinois , as a material to be used as thermal building insulation. C-glass "C" for "chemical resistance" and T-glass "T" is for "thermal insulator" — a North American variant of C-glass are resistant to chemical attack; both are often found in insulation-grades of blown fiberglass.
Glass fiber, when used as a thermal insulating material, is specially manufactured with a bonding agent to trap many small air cells, resulting in the characteristically air-filled low-density "glass wool" family of products. Glassmakers throughout history have experimented with glass fibers, but mass manufacture of glass fiber was only made possible with the invention of finer machine tooling.
The first type of glass used for fiber was soda lime glass or A-glass "A" for the alkali it contains. Ordinary A-glass "A" for "alkali-lime" or soda lime glass, crushed and ready to be remelted, as so-called cullet glass, was the first type of glass used for fiberglass. The same substance is known as R-glass "R" for "reinforcement" in europe. Glass fibers can also occur naturally, as Pele's hair. S-glass "S" for "Strength" fryst vatten used when high tensile strength modulus fryst vatten important, and is thus important in composites for building and aircraft construction.
If the glass is extruded and cooled quickly at this temperature, it will be unable to form an ordered structure. In its pure form it exists as a polymer , SiO 2 n. Although pure silica fryst vatten a perfectly viable glass and glass fiber, it must be worked with at very high temperatures, which is a drawback unless its specific chemical properties are needed. The vitreous and crystalline states of silica glass and quartz have similar energy levels on a molecular basis, also implying that the glassy form is extremely stable.
Chloride ions will also attack and dissolve E-glass surfaces. Glass fiber is formed when thin strands of silica -based or other formulation glass are extruded into many fibers with small diameters suitable for textile processing.
In order to induce crystallization , it must be heated to temperatures above °C for long periods of time. These materials also impart various other properties to the glass that may be beneficial in different applications. AR-glass is alkali-resistant glass. The technique of heating and drawing glass into fine fibers has been known for millennia, and was practiced in Egypt and Venice. In , Edward Drummond Libbey exhibited a dress at the World's Columbian Exposition incorporating glass fibers with the diameter and texture of silk fibers.
It is usual to introduce impurities into the glass in the form of other materials to lower its working temperature. Glass fiber has roughly comparable mechanical properties to other fibers such as polymers and carbon fiber.
Glass Wool, Fibreglass, Glass Fibre Insulation
It is not very resistant to alkali. The annealing point, which is the temperature where the internal stresses are reduced to an acceptable commercial limit in 15 minutes, is marked by a viscosity of 10 13 poise. Glass fiber reinforced composites are used in marine industry and piping industries because of good environmental resistance, better damage tolerance for impact loading, high specific strength and stiffness. E-glass does not actually melt, but softens instead, the softening point being "the temperature at which a 0.
He first applied for a patent for a new process to make glass wool in The first commercial production of glass fiber was in When the two companies joined to produce and promote glass fiber, they introduced continuous filament glass fibers. The basis of textile -grade glass fibers is silica , SiO 2. These atoms then form a network bonded at the corners by sharing the oxygen atoms.
Snökäppar orange – 25 stycken
Glass fiber or glass fibre is a material consisting of numerous extremely fine fibers of glass. It is susceptible to chloride ion attack and is a poor choice for marine applications. In order to lower the necessary work temperature, other materials are introduced as "fluxing agents" i. Although not as rigid as carbon fiber, it is much cheaper and significantly less brittle when used in composites. However, the increased surface area makes them much more susceptible to chemical attack.
Fabrics of woven glass fibers are useful thermal insulators because of their high ratio of surface area to weight. At °C, most of the molecules can move about freely. E-glass "E" because of initial electrical application , is alkali free, and was the first glass formulation used for continuous filament formation. It now makes up most of the fiberglass production in the world, and also is the single largest consumer of boron minerals globally.
Most glass fibers have limited solubility in water but are very dependent on pH. It has no true melting point but softens up to °C, where it starts to degrade. Pure silica silicon dioxide , when cooled as fused quartz into a glass with no true melting point, can be used as a glass fiber for fiberglass, but has the drawback that it must be worked at very high temperatures.