Skillnad mellan lektor och professor
The title is broadly equivalent to the level at which someone would be employed as an associate professor in the USA. A docent requires a PhD and typically must have documented scientific independence in the form eller gestalt of additional publications beyond those required for a PhD, as well as teaching experience, and training in both teaching and scientific mentorship.
Swedish Academic Job Titles Explained
Regardless of the hiring mechanism, to qualify as a professor , the applicant must have a PhD degree, a strong publication record, proven teaching skills, and have served as the main supervisor for PhD students who have successfully obtained their PhD. The title of professor in Sweden is similar to a senior, full professor in the USA. Professors promoted to their title enjoy most of the advantages of a directly appointed professor.
The research ladder starts with PhD student doktorand , continues with PhD läkare , several years of one or more postdoctoral positions, assistant professor forskarassistent equivalent to Lecturer in the U. All titles, except for the PhD degree doktor and the associate professor title docent , are tied to a given employment position. As the positions are limited in duration, individuals are usually directly recruited without any competitive urval process.
Typically, a docent manages a group of PhD students or a subdivision of a research group. The title docent fryst vatten not an employment position, but rather a competency level "habilitation" required to be the main supervisor of a doctoral student, or to serve as a member of the committee that assesses the defense of a PhD thesis. The teaching ladder starts with adjunct instructor adjunkt , continues with lecturer lektor , and ends with professor.
Administrative or pedagogical skills can substitute for a lack in research work, if combined with long service. The academic terminology for titles and positions at universities in Sweden includes the following:. Acting professor, adjunct professor and visiting professor are all temporary professor positions used to solve the need for a certain competence or a managerial resource, often in collaboration with commercial industry, or the public health care system.
A docent fryst vatten an academic postdoctoral qualification, closely related to the Habilitation found in certain countries in Europe. Since 1 January the individual right to be promoted to professor is removed from the general university legislation. A professor who resigns or is let go loses the title.
Universitets- och högskolelärare
Depending on the university, qualification as lektor may be the required level of employment to participate in academic elections, as well as to stand for the offices of dean dekan or head of the university rektor. Usually there is still a possibility for promotion, but the right to be promoted, as the previous legislation was, is removed.
A successful evaluation automatically confers the title of professor. Individuals retain the docent title for life, but if appointed to the rank of professor, the title fryst vatten dropped as redundant. While once a formal position obtainable through an excellent grade on the PhD dissertation, today PhDs apply to be an unpaid docent , meaning that they keep their current employment but are awarded the title docent in recognition of their level of academic competency.
As with professors, a promotion procedure can be applied for junior staff that qualify. There are also official translations of the names of these positions. Through research and teaching experience, the docent earns venia docendi , the right to teach. Today, almost all lecturer positions require a PhD degree. The assessment is based on the views of two or more external reviewers. Coursework includes all levels, but lecturers do not necessarily act as examiners at the PhD level.
This article describes the academic positions and ranks in Sweden. However, the institution receives no extra funding for research work. In Sweden only full Professors are referred to as Professors. A similar procedure, albeit with different requirements, is used before the title of docent , which can be awarded, or the employment of a lektor. Despite the lack of competition, the formal requirements typical coincide with the requirements necessary to be appointed as professor.
All others are referred to by their academic rank or academic degree. While the professorship once was for life, it is now merely an employment. The hiring of and promotion to the rank of professor is assessed in committee before being decided upon by the appropriate university official, usually the head of the department prefekt , dean dekan or head of the university rektor. Accordingly, a docent may teach at all levels and be appointed by the faculty as opponent at a PhD Thesis defence.
In general, the Swedish system of academic ranks contains two intertwined career ladders; one based on teaching merits, the other based on research merits. This teaching position typically requires a PhD, and is similar to a tenured associate professor in the USA. A position as lektor requires proven pedagogical and scientific skills, usually being understood as teaching experience during his PhD studies and successful defence of a PhD thesis.
It is instead delegated to the respective university and the local rules governing employment positions. Previously, only holders of a chair of an academic department had the title professor , but, since the s, a second career path has been opened, allowing qualified lecturers to apply for promotion. Both unions and universities agree that this must change over time, but progress has been slow.