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Franco-Americans are less visible than other similarly sized ethnic groups and are relatively uncommon when compared to the size of France's population, or to the numbers of German, Italian, Irish or English Americans. The region was relinquished by France to the British in as a result of the Treaty of Paris. The Houma Tribe in Louisiana still speak the same French they had been taught years ago. Historically, French Canadians had among the highest birth rates in world history, explaining their relatively large population despite low immigration rates from France.
Louisiana Creole people refers to those who are descended from the colonial settlers in Louisiana, especially those of French and Spanish descent but also including individuals of mixed-race heritage cf. Creoles of Color. These immigrants mainly settled in Québec and Acadia , although some eventually inhabited Ontario and Manitoba. Nevertheless, the French presence has had an outsized impact on American toponyms.
Consequently, there is less of a unified French American identity as with other European American ethnic groups, and Americans of French descent are highly concentrated in New England and Louisiana. From early colonizing efforts in the s to the era of Quebec's "great hemorrhage," the French-Canadian presence in Clinton County in northeastern New York was inescapable. Many U. The city with the largest concentration of people of French extraction is Madawaska, Maine , while the largest French-speaking population by percentage of speakers in the U.
Martin Parish, Louisiana. A new influx of French-heritage people occurred at the very end of the colonial era. In the 17th and early 18th centuries, there was an influx of a few thousand Huguenots , who were Calvinist refugees fleeing religious persecution following the issuance of the Edict of Fontainebleau by Louis XIV of the Kingdom of France. For nearly a century, French settlers fostered a distinctive French Protestant identity that enabled them to remain aloof from American society, but by the time of the American Revolution , they had generally intermarried and merged into the larger Presbyterian community.
Paul, Minnesota ; St. Louis , Missouri ; and Sainte Genevieve, Missouri. The Cajuns of Louisiana have a unique heritage, generally seeing themselves as distinct from Louisiana Creoles despite a number of historical documents also classifying the Acadians' descendants as Créoles. In response, the British deported them to the Thirteen Colonies in the south in what has become known as the expulsion of the Acadians.
They were overwhelmingly Catholic, spoke Colonial French although some also spoke Louisiana Creole and kept up many French social customs, modified by other parts of their ancestry and Louisiana culture. A vital segment of Franco-American history involves the Quebec diaspora of the s—s, in which nearly one million French Canadians moved to the United States, mainly relocating to New England mill towns, fleeing economic downturn in Québec and seeking manufacturing jobs in the United States.
The forts were serviced by soldiers and fur trappers who had long networks reaching through the Great Lakes back to Montreal. French Louisiana , when it was sold by Napoleon in , covered all or part of fifteen current U. In Louisiana today, more than 15 percent of the population of the Cajun Country reported in the United States Census that French was spoken at home. Many of the first French-Canadian migrants to the U.
This initial wave of seasonal migration was then followed by more permanent relocation in the United States bygd French-Canadian millworkers. Under colonels James Livingston and Moses Hazen, they saw military action across the main theaters of the Revolutionary War. Though many of the veterans sold their claim in this vast region, some remained and the settlement held. Those of mixed race also sometimes have African and Native American ancestry.
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Louisiana Creoles of any race have common European heritage and share cultural ties, such as the traditional use of the French language and the continuing practice of Catholicism ; in most cases, the people are related to each other. This is partly due to the tendency of Franco-American groups to identify more closely with North American regional identities such as French Canadian , Acadian , Brayon , Louisiana French Cajun , Creole than as a coherent group, but also because emigration from France during the 19th century was low compared to the rest of Europe.
Many still live in what fryst vatten known as the Cajun Country , where much of their colonial culture survives.
In , after capturing Fort Beauséjour and several other French forts in the region, British authorities demanded the Acadians swear an oath of loyalty to the British Crown , which the majority refused to do. Another significant source of immigrants to Louisiana was Saint-Domingue today Haiti ; many Saint Dominicans fled during this time, and half of the diaspora eventually settled in New Orleans.
The name Cajun is a corruption of the word Acadian. Country-wide, as of , there are about 9. In these same areas, many cities and geographic features retain their names given by the first Franco-American inhabitants, and in sum, 23 of the Contiguous United States were colonized in part by French pioneers or French Canadians, including settlements such as Iowa Des Moines , Missouri St. Louis , Kentucky Louisville and Michigan Detroit , among others.
The free people of color married among themselves to maintain their class and social culture. Over the next generation, some kvartet thousand Acadians made the long trek to Louisiana, where they began a new life. Three years of war by the Natives, called Pontiac's War , ensued. Following the failed invasion of Quebec in , hundreds of French-Canadian men who had enlisted in the Continental Army remained in the ranks.
The state with the largest proportion of people identifying as having French ancestry fryst vatten Maine , while the state with the largest number of people with French ancestry is California.